Switching to a security-first model of globalisation would make the world more expensive and dangerous
Three years ago The Economist used the term “slowbalisation” to describe the fragile state of international trade and
commerce. After the gogo 1990s and 2000s the pace of economic integration stalled in the 2010s, as firms grappled with the
aftershocks of a financial crisis, a populist revolt against open
borders and President Donald Trump’s trade war. The flow of
goods and capital stagnated. Many bosses postponed big decisions on investing abroad: justintime gave way to waitandsee. No one knew if globalisation faced a blip or extinction.
Now the waiting is over, as the pandemic and war in Ukraine
have triggered a onceinageneration reimagining of global
capitalism in boardrooms and governments (see Briefing).
Everywhere you look, supply chains are being transformed,
from the $9trn in inventories, stockpiled as insurance against
shortages and inflation, to the fight for workers as global firms
shift from China into Vietnam. This new kind of globalisation is
about security, not efficiency: it prioritises doing business with
people you can rely on, in countries your government is friendly
with. It could descend into protectionism, big government and
worsening inflation. Alternatively, if firms and politicians show
restraint, it could change the world economy for the better,
keeping the benefits of openness while improving resilience.
After the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, the lodestar of globalisation
was efficiency. Companies located production
where costs were lowest, while investors deployed capital where returns were highest. Governments aspired to treat firms equally, regardless of their nationality, and to strike trade deals
with democracies and autocracies alike. Over
two decades this gave rise to dazzlingly sophisticated value chains that account for half of all
trade: your car and phone contain components
that are better travelled than Phileas Fogg. All this kept prices
low for consumers and helped lift 1bn people out of extreme poverty as the emerging world, including China, industrialised.
But hyperefficient globalisation also had problems. Volatile
capital flows destabilised financial markets. Many bluecollar
workers in rich countries lost out. Recently, two other worries
have loomed large. First, some lean supply chains are not as
good value as they appear: mostly they keep costs low, but when
they break, the bill can be crippling. Today’s bottlenecks have reduced global gdp by at least 1%. Shareholders have been hit as
well as consumers: as chip shortages have stalled car production, carmakers’ cashflows have dropped by 80% year on year.
Tim Cook, the supplychain guru who runs Apple, reckons such
snafus could reduce sales by up to $8bn, or 10%, this quarter. Covid19 was a shock, but wars, extreme weather or another virus
could easily disrupt supply chains in the next decade.
The second problem is that the singleminded pursuit of cost
advantage has led to a dependency on autocracies that abuse human rights and use trade as a means of coercion. Hopes that economic integration would lead to reform—what the Germans call
“change through trade”—have been dashed: autocracies account
for a third of world gdp. Vladimir Putin’s invasion of Ukraine
has painfully exposed Europe’s reliance on Russian energy. This
week McDonald’s in Moscow, which opened in 1990, restarted
under local control. Big Macs are no longer on the menu. Meanwhile, President Xi Jinping’s ideological and unpredictable China has a trade footprint seven times as big as Russia’s—and the
world relies on it for a variety of goods from active pharmaceutical ingredients to the processed lithium used in batteries.
One indication that companies are shifting from efficiency to
resilience is the vast buildup in precautionary inventories: for
the biggest 3,000 firms globally these have risen from 6% to 9%
of world gdp since 2016. Many firms are adopting dual sourcing
and longerterm contracts. The pattern of multinational investment has been inverted: 69% is from local subsidiaries reinvesting locally, rather than parent firms sending capital across borders. This echoes the 1930s, when global firms responded to nationalism by making subsidiaries abroad more selfsufficient.
The industries under most pressure are already reinventing
their business models, encouraged by governments that from
Europe to India are keen on “strategic autonomy”. The car industry is copying Elon Musk’s Tesla by moving towards vertical integration, in which you control everything from nickel mining to
chip design (see Business section). Taiwan’s electronics assemblers have cut their share of assets in China from 50% to 35%
since 2017 as clients such as Apple demand diversification. In
energy, the West is seeking longterm supply
deals from allies rather than relying on spot
markets dominated by rivals—one reason it has
been cosying up to gasrich Qatar. Renewables
will also make energy markets more regional.
The danger is that a reasonable pursuit of security will morph into rampant protectionism,
jobs schemes and hundreds of billions of dollars of industrial subsidies. The shortterm effect of this would be more volatility and fragmentation that
would push prices yet higher: witness President Joe Biden’s consideration of new tariffs on solar panels, which he paused this
month in the face of shortages. The longrun inefficiency from
indiscriminately replicating supply chains would be enormous.
Were you to duplicate a quarter of all multinational activity, the
extra annual operating and financial costs involved could exceed 2% of world gdp.
The trouble with safe spaces
That is why restraint is crucial. Governments and firms must remember that resilience comes from diversification, not concentration at home. The chokepoints autocracies control amount
to only about a tenth of global trade, based on their exports of
goods in which they have a leading market share of over 10% and
for which it is hard to find substitutes. The answer is to require
firms to diversify their suppliers in these areas, and let the market adapt. Will today’s governments be up to the task? Myopia
and insularity abound. But if you are a consumer of global goods
and ideas—that is to say, a citizen of the world—you should hope
globalisation’s next phase involves the maximum possible degree of openness. A new balance between efficiency and security
is a reasonable goal. Living in a subsidised bunker is not.